The Process And Reliability Of Data - 1293 Words

The aim of this chapter is to report to the readers about the process and reliability of data collected in this study. This chapter is split into three parts; secondary data, primary data, and ethical considerations. In the beginning, the author clarified and justified the approaches of data to provide a clear understanding of the research process. Besides, the details about the sampling choice and size will be explained. At last, the ethical considerations were entailed and assessed to prove the validity and reliability of this study. Secondary Data Though the concept of VR is not modern, the rise of development and application in the hospitality industry is new. The information of current applications was mainly gathered from†¦show more content†¦In this study, mixed-method research was used. Mixed-method research is described as the use of both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques and analysis procedures either at the same time (concurrent) or one after the other (sequential) (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2012, P.166). The combination of quantitative and qualitative data is necessary to achieve the third objective of this study, which is to identify the acceptance of customers in Beijing, China, on virtual reality and its usage as a marketing tool. Quantitative method is required to understand the assumptions and acceptance of the customers in this project on a large scale. Qualitative method is also essential to gather people s point of view on hypothesis 6. Mixed method research h as the benefit of gathering more information and worldviews than using only either qualitative or quantitative search (Creswell and Plano, 2011). Survey strategy will enable to generate an enormous number of data. According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2012) the survey strategy allows you to collect quantitative data which you can analyse quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics (P.177). In the survey, qualitative data gathered with open-ended answers. Time horizons According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2012), cross-sectional study is the study of a particular phenomenon (or phenomena) at a particular time. The author has chosen this method due to timeShow MoreRelatedSoftware Reliability Of Software Standards1116 Words   |  5 PagesSoftware reliability is dynamic stochastic. Unlike hardware, software does not age, wear out or rust, unreliability of software is mainly due to bugs or design faults in the software. The exact value of product reliability is never precisely known at any point in its lifetime. The study of software reliability can be categorized into three parts: Modeling, Measurement improvement. 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Urban Utopia Free Essays

Matt Torres Dr. Cay Hehner Modern New York November 1, 2012 Research Paper The history of the urban utopia arose when theorists and city planners decided that a radical reconstruction of their cities (Venturi 4) was needed. There are problems that arose in cities of every generation and these problems have sparked the minds of the greatest thinkers, planner, architects, and theorists of the 19th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Utopia or any similar topic only for you Order Now These were the first attempts at correcting the problems that we deal with today. Problems such as dealing with growth, dealing with nature, and dealing with civilization. Throughout the history of the city, it seems as though some of these basic principles have been forgotten. However, we can look towards the work of Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier, who were some of the most dominant architectural thinkers who advanced the field of urban-conceptual thought into places it had never been before. The radical thinker, known as Sir Ebenezer Howard, is widely regarded by many to be one of the most influential urban planners of the 19th century. His work with the English Garden City Movement led to a worldwide response about how cities will deal with a rapid increase of people. His goal was to provide comfortable cities, which had an abundance of affordable housing; arranged in ways that would incorporate nature to its fullest. His work, unlike that of Robert Moses (another influential urban planner), Frank Lloyd Wright, or Le Corbusier, focused on the people and their ability to live in cities, without sacrificing their valuable green space. Howard was born on Fore Street, in the city of London on January 29th, 1850. He was the son of a shopkeeper and was sent away to school at a young age. He was schooled in Suffolk, then Cheshunt in Hertforshire, and finally completed his education at the age of 15 at Stoke Hall, Ipswich (Letchworth, para. 2). Working odd jobs out of school, he was eventually persuaded to go to the US at the age of 21. Around the time he came to America, he witnessed the American re-growth and recovery from the Great Fire of 1871†¦a fire which destroyed most of the central business district (Letchworth para. 5). His views with how America planned to rebuild in this small city of Chicago led him to constantly be fascinated with this aspect of growth in the city. Ebenezer Howard had specific ideas of how future cities could deal with growth, and a rapid influx of people. He came up with The Garden City under the belief that it will be revolutionary in itself, like the early locomotive, capable of great improvement (Venturi 27). His Garden City grew out of the belief that centralization was the answer; a society where poverty and unemployment are unknown †¦ where) everyone receives an equal salary (Venturi 33). These ideas came to fruition when Howard read the bestseller Looking Backward, by Edward Bellamy, about a man who slept from 1887 to 1900 – only to wake up and find himself in a new society where industry regrouped into a cooperative trust †¦ (and) competition is replaced by centralized planning. Later, Howard published his Garden Cities of Tomorrow, where he outlined hi s idea of the ideal utopian society. This Garden City was to be an ideal urban society of Three Magnets. It was created as a means of superseding capitalism and creating a civilization based on cooperation (Venturi 24). It represented a synthesis of town (city) and country, (two of the Magnets) where the town offered excitement, high wages, and employment, but also high prices and poor living conditions; the country †¦ offers physical space, but is also backward and â€Å"no fun†. It was a middle ground between two extremes and had the qualities of being compact, efficient, healthful, and beautiful all at the same time. The city wasn’t without its flaws though. The third Magnet seemed the hardest to come by. It was the pinnacle of all of his work; that Garden City, whose promise of a better life would be the basis and reason why people would be drawn away from the urban centers and into a new civilization (Venturi 39). Also, Howard doubted the practicality of extreme centralization (Venturi 35); and even if it did work, he denied its desirability (Venturi 35). Howard questioned the inevitability of centralization, but continued to work out his own justification of what he learned from reading Looking Backward. The rest of his life was allocated to his stenography work, which offered him free time from which he could go about patiently designing that Third Magnet (Venturi 39) – despite having no formal architectural training. Frank Lloyd Wright was similar to Howard, in the sense that they both despised and wanted to change the urban fabric of the city. Wright argued that the dense utopian atmosphere of the modern city offered no room for individuality. Therefore, he developed Broadacres, which took decentralization beyond the small community to the individual family home (Venturi 9). This individualism came to its height when Wright introduced his theory about Broadacres. He stated that â€Å"individuality must be founded on individual ownership† (Venturi 9). This materialized into his plan to make the city disappear, and replace it with thousands of parcels of land (similar to the Homestead Act of 1862). A minimum of an acre a person allowed for most people to work part-time in the small factories, offices, or shops that are nestled among the farms (Venturi 9). Since this was around the time that the car was being mass-produced, Wright introduced the idea of superhighways, which connected the scattered parcels of land in ways that weren’t possible before, similar to the vision of Robert Moses. Decentralization would make it possible for everyone to live his chosen lifestyle on his own land (9), essentially giving the people their own identity and allowing them to reconcile man with nature (Venturi 164). Now for the polar opposite. Le Corbusier, or Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, â€Å"the Parisian leader of the revolution in modern architecture† (Venturi 9), was a Frenchman who had entirely different ideas of what the future for the city held. He placed a corresponding faith in organization (Venturi 9), and argued that cities just weren’t dense enough. His idea of the Radiant City could be seen as the modern thought of the city today. He proposed that geometrically arrayed skyscrapers of glass and steel would rise out of parks, gardens, and superhighways (Venturi 10). The elite lived in luxurious high-rise apartments, while their subordinates lived in the outskirts (suburbia). It all sounds oddly familiar to the city that we are familiar with today. Whilst the idea of the city not being dense enough can be argued by most people, the concept of organization makes this one of the most ideal structures to imposing cities of the future. All three of these planners came to their own conclusions by studying previous cities and how they came to development. The ancient Greeks had their own ideas of the city through the polis (Lecture 3). The polis was compromised of the acropolis, the enclosing city wall, the agora, residential districts, leisure and cultural areas, religious precinct, a harbor, a port, and an industrial district (Lecture 3). All of these became important parts of the cities that followed, but possibly the most important piece would be the public programs of the city. Greek rulers noticed that to keep the people under control, they had to devise ways to entertain them. This entertainment was given either in the form of shows, plays, battles, concerts, or in general outdoor gathering space (Stadium). This is why green space is the number one concern when it comes to city planning. There must be points where we can allow a break in the urban fabric of our cities and place public zones where people can entertain themselves and others. Industrialization that took place in the 19th century created various problems for the modern day utopia. An increase in population, increase in goods and services, redistribution of population, development of media, greater mobility, and the rise of ideology (lecture 6) spurred the thought of developing a change in shopping, domestic life, entertainment, leisure, circulation, and street life. It was a turning point since new technology was being introduced, and new techniques concerning how to manufacture materials and distribute them. Today, there are criticisms regarding the path that future cities are headed towards. Since the 1960’s, there has been skepticism towards the utopian aspirations of the early 20th century. Some say that the utopian cities are growing larger, denser, and becoming more disconnected than ever before. Superstudio poses a solution to this. By instituting a global monument, called The Continuous Monument, Superstudio sought out to create architecture all equally emerging from a single continuous environment (Lang 122). The disconnect associated with modern architecture today is a direct result of the Industrial Revolution and the benefits we gained from it. It made lose our direct correlation between man and nature. Superstudio tries to address that issue in the Continuous Monument by going back to the basics of city design, the square block. It is a testimonial that architecture is the centre of the relationships of technology, sacredness, utilitarianism (Lang 122). The Continuous Monument allows us to have a better understanding of the earth around us, which we seem to have lost. Rem Koolhaas offered up another approach with his studies into the city of Lagos. Lagos is the fastest growing city in Nigeria. It’s estimated that they gain roughly 21 inhabitants per hour and the population is expected to explode to 24 million people by the year 2020. In Lagos, they’ve decided to ditch the urban fabric of the west and go along with an entirely new idea of utopian design. For example, Koolhaas has seen how Americans grumble about traffic and instinctively put the radio up and tune out the congestion – however, in Lagos, when the traffic comes to a halt, that’s when the trading marketplace begins. This is the new direction of the city according to Koolhaas. A city that reinvigorates the things that are wrong with it, while simultaneously turning them into overwhelming positives. It’s an entirely customizable city, run and built by the inhabitants. If there is ever a need for more space in a house, the citizens simply build more rooms on top of their houses. This touches all the aspects of Frank Lloyd Wright and Ebenezer Howard – with their emphasis on decentralized systems and influence on the individualism associated with architecture of the future. In the words of Koolhaas, â€Å"Lagos is not catching up with us. Rather, we may be catching up with Lagos. † The urban utopia is an idea that is constantly in a state of change. As needs grow and develop, there are things that need to be reformed, re-thought, and redesigned. The ideals of Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier were once pristine candidates with functions of cities; however, with new work by Rem Koolhaas and Superstudio, we can begin to see a change in modern utopian design, and how these modern designs deal with growth that cities will be having in the next century. Who knows, maybe we’ll even begin to see something similar to the city of Lagos, applied in a westernized urban fabric such as New York City, or Chicago – cities in desperate need of a change Bibliography Venturi, Robert, Denise Scott Brown, Steve Izenour. Learning from Las Vegas, Rev. ed. Cambridge; MIT P, 1996 Rem Koolhaas, et. Al. Harvard Project on the City. Mutations. Actar, 2001. Peter Lang, William Menking, Superstudio: Life Without Objects, Skira, 2003 Unknown. Ebenezer Howard , Biography and the Beginnings of the Garden City, 21 Apr. 2007. Web. 07 Nov. 2012 . How to cite Urban Utopia, Papers

Tertiary English for Designer Sites and Brick - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTertiary English for Designer Sites and Brick. Answer: Introduction Shopping malls are officially defined as one or more buildings representing the merchandiser and forming complex of shops which are interconnected through walkways and enables the visitors to walk from one unit to another (Fortune.com 2017). It is essential for the shopping malls to reinvest if they want to survive in this digital age. This paper will highlight the reasons as to why shopping malls are facing decline in the shoppers these days. The main aim of this paper is to analyze the causes of the decline in the shoppers in the shopping malls and the effects which it laid on the business and the shoppers. Discussion According to a report published in Forbes (2015), online shopping is having only a small effect i.e. less than 10% of the retail sale takes place through online and this sale hits the big box stores much harder than the fashion chains and the other retailers in the enclosed malls. The main reason is not due to the switch from in-store to online shopping but rather due to the shift of the consumers approach to various purchasing items. It is necessary to compare the price and purchase merchandise through varied platforms including departmental stores, designer sites, brick and mortar stores. The retailers have shifted their focus to promotional selling. The economic downturn is also another reason since there are only few shoppers who are visiting the malls. The retailers must also look at the omnichannel shopping efforts of the stores. According to a report published in New York Times (2015), one major reason for the decline in shoppers in the malls is due to online shopping. The shoppers are more attracted to the nearby properties rather than visiting than shopping malls which are far away from their home. There are many shopping malls in US which are struggling to fill the floor space. This is due to the changing taste of the consumers and the increase in online shopping. On the other hand, online shoppers will have to pay additional sales tax and this will lead to strong competition between the online and the traditional shopping malls (the malaysian insight.com 2017). The e-commerce sale has declined approximately by 11% after the introduction of sales tax in online purchase. According to the report of Fortune Magazine (2016), the decline in the departmental stores is one of the biggest challenges with these the mall owner has to cope up with. The US malls views their department stores as the anchor tenant and it is necessary to rely on them to draw the customers and patronize the stores, malls and the businesses. The ease of click and the buy options determine the real cause which influences the buyers decision for online shopping. Moreover, another factor i.e. distance from home is another factor which is contributing for the decline in shoppers in the shopping malls. As there is provision in the online stores for the comparing the prices of various items, the customers can make a practical analysis of the product and thus prefer online shopping rather than visiting the stores. The easy access to web on the mobile device has also allowed the shoppers to make price comparison. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that there are many advantages as well as disadvantages of shopping malls. The social e-commerce with customer experience has created a strong need among different traditional retailers to take care of the various innovative ways. The brands must try to focus on turning their physical store into such a place which will allow for more social interaction and engagement. The shopping malls will never be able to compete with the product selection or with price comparison. Therefore, the shopping malls must use various other technologies so as to transform the mall usability in improving customer satisfaction. References Forbes.com 2017.Forbes. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/01/04/the-shopping-malls-really-are-being-killed-by-online-shopping/#49c26e06fbb3 [Accessed 24 Oct. 2017]. Fortune.com 2017.Fortune. [online] Available at: https://fortune.com/2016/12/02/shopping-malls-trouble-data-charts/ [Accessed 24 Oct. 2017]. Nytimes.com 2017.New York Times. [online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html [Accessed 24 Oct. 2017]. TheMalaysianInsight.com 2017.Malaysian Insight. [online] Available at: https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/s/960/ [Accessed 24 Oct. 2017].